The Project Gutenberg eBook of 瀛涯勝覽 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: 瀛涯勝覽 Author: active 1414-1451 Huan Ma Release date: January 3, 2008 [eBook #24144] Language: Chinese Credits: Produced by Jun-Bi Lai *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 瀛涯勝覽 *** Produced by Jun-Bi Lai 瀛涯勝覽     馬歡序   余昔觀《島夷志》,載天時氣候之別,地理人物之異,慨然歎曰:普天下 何若是之不同耶!永樂十一年癸巳,太宗文皇帝勑命正使太監鄭和,統領寶船 往西洋諸番開讀賞賜。余以通譯番書,亦被使末,隨其所至,鯨波浩渺,不知 其幾於萬里,歷涉諸邦,其天時氣候、地理人物、目擊而身履之。然後知《鳥 夷志》所著者不誣,而尤有大可奇怪者焉。於是採摭各國人物之醜美,壤俗之 異同,與夫土產之別,疆域之制,編次成帙,名曰《瀛涯勝覽》。俾屬目者一 顧之頃,諸番事實悉得其要,而尤見夫聖化所及,非前代之可比。第愧愚昧, 一介微氓,叨陪使節,與斯勝覽,誠千載之奇遇也。  是帙也,措意遺詞, 不能文飾,但直筆書其事而已。覽者毋以膚淺誚焉。是為序。  大明永樂十 四年歲次丙申黃鍾月吉旦,會稽山樵馬歡述。     占城國   其國即釋典所謂王舍城也。在廣東海南大海之南。自福建福川府長樂縣五 虎門開船往西南行,好風十日可到。其國南連真臘,西接交趾界,東北俱臨大 海。國之東北百里有一海口,名新州港,岸有一石塔為記,諸處船隻到此艤泊 登岸。岸有一寨,番名設比奈,以二頭目為主。番人五六十家,居內以守港口 。西南百里到王居之城,番名曰占城。其城以石壘,開四門,令人把守。   國王係鎖俚人,祟信釋教,頭戴金鈒三山玲瓏花冠,如中國副淨者所戴之樣。 身穿五色線細花番布長衣,下圍色絲手巾。跣足,出入騎象,或乘小車,以二 黃牛前拽而行。  頭目所戴之冠,用茭蔁葉為之,亦如其王所戴之樣,但以 金彩妝飾,內分品級高低。所穿顏色衣衫,長不過膝,下圍各色番布手巾。王 居屋宇高大,上蓋細長小瓦,四圍牆垣用磚灰妝砌甚潔,其門以堅木雕刻獸畜 之形為飾。民居房屋用茅草蓋覆,簷高不得過三尺,出入躬身低頭,高者有罪 。服色禁白衣,惟王可穿。民下玄黃紫色並許穿,衣服白者死罪。國人男子髼 頭,婦人撮髻腦後。身體俱黑,上穿禿袖短衫,下圍色絲手巾,赤腳。   氣候暖熱,無霜雪,常如四五月之味。草木常青,山產烏木、伽藍香、觀 音竹、降真香。烏木甚潤黑,絕勝他國出者。伽藍香惟此國一大山出產,天下 再無出處,其價甚貴,以銀對換。觀音竹如細藤棍樣,長一丈七八尺,如鐵之 黑,每一寸有二三節,他所不出。  犀牛象牙甚廣。其犀牛如水牛之形,大 者有七八百斤,滿身無毛,黑色,生鱗甲,紋癩厚皮,蹄有三跲,頭有一角, 生於鼻樑之中,長者有一尺四五寸。不食草料,惟食刺樹刺葉,並食大乾木, 拋糞如染坊黃櫨楂。其馬低小如驢。水牛、黃牛、豬、羊俱有,鵝鴨稀少。雞 矮小,至大者不過二斤,腳高寸半,及二寸止。其雄雞紅冠白耳,細腰高尾, 人拿中亦啼,甚可愛也。果有梅、橘、西瓜、甘蔗、椰子、波羅蜜、芭蕉子之 類。其波羅蜜如冬瓜之樣,外皮似川荔枝,皮內有雞子大塊黃肉,味如蜜。中 有子如雞腰子樣,炒吃味如栗子。蔬菜則有冬瓜、黃瓜、葫蘆、芥菜、蔥薑而 已,其餘果菜並無。人多以漁為業,少耕種,所以稻穀不廣。土種米粒細長多 紅者。大小麥俱無。檳榔、荖葉,人不絕口而食。   男女婚姻,但令男子先至女家,成親畢,過十日或半月,其男家父母及諸 親友以鼓樂迎取夫婦回家,則置酒作樂。其酒則以飯拌藥,封於甕中候熟。欲 飲,則以長節小竹筒長三四尺者插入酒甕中,環坐,照人數入水,輪次咂飲。 吸乾再添入水而飲,至無味則止。   其書寫無紙筆,用羊皮搥薄,或樹皮薰黑,摺成經摺,以白粉載字為記。   國刑,罪輕者以藤條杖脊,重者截鼻。為盜者斷手,犯奸者男女烙面成疤 痕。罪甚大者,以硬木削尖立於小船樣木上,放水中令罪人坐於尖木之上,木 從口出而死,就留水上以示眾。   其日月之定無閏月,但十二月為一年,晝夜分為十更,用鼓打記。四時以 花開為春,葉落為秋。   其王年節日,用生人膽汁調水沐浴,其各處頭目採取進納,以為貢獻之禮 。其國王為王三十年,則退位出家,令弟兄子姪權管國事。王往深山待齋受戒 ,或吃素。獨居一年,對天誓曰:「我先為王,在位無道,願狼虎食我,或病 死之。」若一年滿足不死,再登其位,復管國事。國人呼為「昔唆馬哈刺劄」 ,此至尊至聖之稱也。   其曰屍頭蠻者,本是人家一婦女也,但眼無瞳,人為異。夜寢則飛頭去, 食人家小兒糞尖,其兒被妖氣侵腹必死。飛頭回合其體,則如舊。若知而候頭 飛去時,移體別處,回不能合則死。於人家若有此婦不報官,除殺者,罪及一 家。   再有一通海大潭,名鱷魚潭。如人有爭訟難明之事,官不能決者,則令爭 訟二人騎水牛赴過其潭。理虧者鱷魚出而食之﹔理直者雖過十次,亦不被食。 最可奇也。   其海邊山內有野水牛,甚狠。原是人家耕牛,走入山中,自生自長,年深 成群。但見生人穿青者,必趕來抵觸而死,甚惡也。   番人甚愛其頭,或有觸其頭者,如中國殺人之恨。   其買賣交易使用七成淡金,或銀。中國青磁、盤碗等品,紵絲、綾絹、燒 珠等物,甚愛之,則將淡金換易,常將犀角、象牙、伽藍香等物進貢中國。     爪哇國   瓜哇國者,古名闍婆國也。其國有四處,皆無城郭。其他國船來,先至一 處名杜板。次至一處名新村,又至一處名蘇魯馬益。再至一處名滿者伯夷,國 王居之。其王之所居以磚為牆,高三丈餘,周圍約有二百餘步。 其內設重門甚整潔,房屋如樓起造,高每三四丈,即布以板,鋪細藤簟,或花 草蓆,人於其上盤膝而坐。屋上月硬木板為瓦,破縫而蓋。國人住屋以茅草蓋 之。家家俱以磚砌土庫,高三四尺,藏貯家私什物,居止坐臥於其上。   國王之絆,髼頭或帶金葉花冠,身無衣袍,下圍絲嵌手巾一二條,再用錦 綺或紵絲纏之於腰,名曰壓腰。插一兩把短刀,名不刺頭。赤腳出入,或騎象 ,或坐牛車。國人之絆,男子髼頭,女子椎髻,上穿衣,下圍手 巾。男子腰插不剌頭一把,三歲小兒至百歲老人皆有此刀,皆是兔毫雪花上等 鑌鐵為之。其柄用金或犀角、象牙,雕刻人形鬼面之狀,製極細巧。   國人男婦皆惜其頭,若人以手觸摸其頭,或買賣之際錢物不明,或酒醉顛 狂,言語爭競,便拔此刀刺之,強者為勝。若戳死人,其人逃避三日而出,則 不償命。若當時捉住,隨亦戳死。國無鞭笞之刑,事無大小,即用細藤背縛兩 手,擁行數步,則將不刺頭於罪人腰眼或軟肋一二刺即死。其國風土,無日不 殺人,甚可畏也。   中國歷代銅錢通行使用。   杜板番名賭斑,地名也。此處約千餘家,以二頭目為主。其間多有中國廣 東及漳州人流居此地。雞、羊、魚、菜甚賤。  海灘有一小池,甘淡可飲, 曰是聖水。傳言大元時命將史弼、高興征伐闍婆,經月不得登岸,船中之水已 盡,軍士失措。其二將拜天祝曰:「奉命伐蠻,天若與之則泉生﹔不與則泉無 。」禱畢,奮力插輪海灘,泉水隨槍插處湧出,水味甘淡,眾飲而得全生。此 天賜之助也,至今存焉。   於杜板投東行半日許,至新村,番名曰革兒昔。原係沙灘之地,蓋因中國 之人來此創居,遂名新村,至今村主廣東人也。約有千餘家,各處番人多到此 處買賣。其金子諸般寶石一應番貨多有賣者,民甚殷富。自新村投南船行二十 餘里,到蘇魯馬益,番名蘇兒把牙。其港口流出淡水,自此大船難進,用小船 行二十餘里始至其地。亦有村主,掌管番人千餘家,其間亦有中國人。其港口 有一洲,林木森茂,有長尾猢猻萬數聚於上。有一黑色老雄獮猴為主,卻有一 老番婦隨伴在側。其國中婦人無子嗣者,備酒飯果餅之類,往禱於老獼猴,其 老猴喜,則先食其物,餘令眾猴爭食,食盡,隨有二猴來前交感為驗。此婦回 家,即便有孕,否則無子也,甚為可怪。  自蘇兒把牙小船行七八十里到埠 頭,名章姑。登岸投西南行一日半到滿者伯夷,即王之居處也。其處番人二三 百家,頭目七八人以輔其王。天氣長熱如夏,田稻一年二熟,米粒細白,芝麻 菉豆皆有,大小二麥絕無。土產蘇木、金剛子、白檀香、肉豆蔲、蓽撥、斑貓 、鑌鐵、龜筒、玳瑁,奇禽有白鸚鵡如母雞大,紅綠鶯哥、五色鶯哥、鷯哥, 皆能效人言語﹔珍珠雞、倒掛鳥、五色花斑鳩、孔雀、檳榔雀、珍珠雀、綠斑 鳩之類。異獸有白鹿、白猿猴等畜,其豬羊牛馬雞鴨皆有,但無驢與鵝耳。   果有芭蕉子、椰子、甘蔗、石榴、蓮房、莽吉柿、西瓜、郎級之類。其莽 吉柿如石榴樣,皮內如橘囊樣,有白肉四塊,味甜酸,甚可食。郎級如枇杷樣 ,略大,內有白肉三塊,味亦甜酸。甘蔗皮白麄大,每根長二三丈。其餘瓜、 茄、蔬菜皆有,獨無桃李韮菜。   國人坐臥無牀凳,吃食無匙箸,男婦以檳榔荖葉聚灰不絕口,欲吃飯時, 先將水嗽出口中檳榔渣,就洗兩手乾淨,圍坐,用盤滿盛其飯,澆酥油湯汁, 以手撮入口中而食。若渴則飲水,遇賓客往來無茶,止以檳榔待之。  國有 三等人:一等回回人,皆是西番各國為商,流落此地,衣食諸事皆清致﹔一等 唐人,皆是廣東、漳、泉等處人竄居是地,食用亦美潔,多有從回回藪門受戒 待齋者﹔一等土人,形貌甚醜異,猱頭赤腳,祟信鬼教,佛書言鬼國其中,即 此地也。人吃食甚是穢惡,如虵蟻及諸蟲蚓之類,略以火燒微熟便吃。家畜之 犬與人同器而食,夜則共寢,略無忌憚。舊傳鬼子魔王青面紅身赤,正於此地 與一罔象相合,而生子百餘,常啖血為食,人多被食。忽一日雷震石裂,中坐 一人,眾稱異之,遂推為王。即令精兵驅逐罔象等眾而不為害,後復生齒而安 焉。所以至今人好兇強。   年例有一竹輪會,但以十月為春首。國王令妻坐一塔車於前,自坐一車於 後。其塔車高丈餘,四面有窗,下有轉軸,以馬前拽而行。至會所,兩邊擺列 隊伍,各執竹輪一根。其竹輪實心無鐵刃,但削尖而甚堅利。對手男子各攜妻 奴在彼,各妻手執三尺短木棍立於其中。聽鼓聲緊慢為號,二男子執輪進步抵 戳,交鋒三合,二人之妻各持木棍格之曰「那剌那剌」則退散。設被戳死,其 王令勝者與死者家人金錢一個,死者之妻隨勝者男子而去。如此勝負為戲。   其婚姻之禮,則男子先至女家,成親三日後迎其婦。男家則打銅鼓銅鑼, 吹椰殼筒,及打竹筒鼓并放火銃,前後短刀團牌圍繞。其婦被裸體跣足,圍繫 絲嵌手巾,項佩金珠聯絡之飾,腕帶金銀聲裝之鑼。親朋鄰里以檳榔荖葉線紉 草花之類,妝飾彩船而伴送之,以為賀喜之禮。至家則鳴鑼擊鼓,飲酒作樂, 數日而散。  凡喪葬之禮,如有父母將死,為兒女者先問於父母,死後或犬 食,或火化,或棄水。其父母隨心所願而囑之,死後即依遺言所斷送之。若欲 犬食者,即擡其屍至海邊,或野外地上,有犬十數來食盡屍肉無遺為好﹔如 食不盡,子女悲號哭泣,將遺骸棄水中而去。又有富人及頭目尊貴之人將死, 則手下親厚婢妾先與主人誓曰「死則同住」,至死後出殯之日,木搭高棰,下 垛柴堆,縱火焚棺,候燄盛之際,其原誓婢妾二三人,則滿頭帶草花,身披五 色花手巾,登跳號哭良久,攛下火內,同主屍焚化,以為殉葬之禮。   番人殷富者甚多,買賣交易行使中國歷代銅錢。書記亦有字,如銷俚字同 。無紙筆,用茭蔁葉以尖刀刻之。亦有文法,國語甚美軟。  斤秤之法,每 斤二十兩,每兩十六錢,每錢四姑邦,每姑邦該官秤二分一釐八毫七絲五忽。 每錢該官秤八分七釐五毫,每兩該官秤一兩四錢,每斤該官秤二十八兩。升斗 之法,截竹為升,為一姑刺,該中國官升一升八合。每番鬥一鬥為一黎,該中 國官鬥一鬥四升四合。  每月至十五十六夜,月圓清明之夜,番婦二十餘人 或三十餘人聚集成隊,═婦為首,以臂膊遞相聯綰不斷,於月下徐步而行。為 首者口唱番歌一句,眾皆齊聲和之,到親戚富貴之家門首,則贈以銅錢等物。 名為步月行樂而已。  有一等人以紙畫人物鳥獸鷹蟲之類,如手卷樣,以三 尺高二木為畫幹,止齊一頭。其人蟠膝坐於地,以圖畫立地,每展出一段,朝 前番語高聲解說次段來歷。眾人圜坐而聽之,或笑或哭,便如說平話一般。   國人最喜中國青花磁器,并麝香、銷金紵絲、燒珠之類,則用銅錢買易。 國王常差頭目以船隻裝載方物進貢中國。     舊港國   舊港,即古名三佛齊國是也。番名曰浡淋邦,屬瓜哇國所轄。東接爪哇國 ,西接滿剌加國界,南距大山,北臨大海。諸處船來,先至淡港,入彭家門, 繫船於岸。岸上多磚塔。用小船入港內,則至其國。國人多是廣東、漳、泉州 人逃居此地。人甚富饒。地土甚肥,諺云「一季種穀,三季收稻」,正此地也 。地方不廣,人多操習水戰,其處水多地少。頭目之家都在岸地造屋而居,其 餘民庶皆在木筏上蓋屋居之,用樁纜拴繫在岸,水長則筏浮,不能淹沒。或欲 於別處居者,則起樁連屋移去,不勞搬徙。其港中朝暮二次暗長潮水。國人風 俗婚姻死喪之禮,以至言語及飲食、衣服等事,亦皆與爪哇相同。   昔洪武年間,廣東人陳祖義等全家逃於此處,充為頭目,甚是豪橫,凡有 經過客人船隻,輒便刼奪財物。至永樂五年,朝廷差太監鄭和等統領西洋大寶 船到此處。有施進卿者,亦廣東人也,來報陳祖義兇橫等情,被太監鄭和生擒 陳祖義等,回朝伏誅,就賜施進卿冠帶,歸舊港為大頭目,以主其地。本人死 ,位不傳子,是其女施二姐為王,一切賞罪黜陟皆從其制。  土產鶴頂鳥、 黃速香、降真香、沈香、金銀香、黃蠟之類。金銀香中國與他國皆不出,其香 如銀匠鈒銀器黑膠相似,中有一塊似白蠟一般在內,好者白多黑少,低者黑多 白少。燒其香氣味甚烈,為觸人鼻,西番并鎖俚人甚愛此。香鶴頂鳥大如鴨, 毛黑,頸長,嘴尖。其腦蓋骨厚寸餘,外紅如黃蠟之嬌,甚可愛,謂之鶴頂, 堪作腰刀靶鞘擠機之類。又出一等火雞,大如仙鶴,圓身簇頸,比鶴頸更長, 頭上有軟紅冠,似紅帽之狀。又有二片生於頸中,嘴尖,渾身毛如羊毛稀長, 青色。腳長鐵黑,爪甚利害,亦能破人腹,腸出即死。好吃炭,遂名火雞。用 棍打碎莫能死。又山產一等神獸,名曰神鹿,如巨豬,高三尺,前半截黑,後 一段白花毛純短可愛。嘴如豬嘴不平,四蹄亦如豬蹄,卻有三跲。止食草木, 不食葷腥。其牛、羊、豬、犬、雞、鴨,并蔬菜、瓜果之類,與爪哇一般皆有 。彼處人多好博戲,如把龜、弈棋、鬥雞之類皆賭錢物。市中交易亦使中國銅 錢,并用布帛之類。國王亦每以方物進貢朝廷,逮今未絕。     暹羅國   自占城向西南船行七晝夜,順風至新門台,海口入港,才至其國。國周千 里,外山崎嶇, 內地潮濕,土瘠少堪耕種。氣候不正,或寒或熱。其王居之 屋,頗華麗整潔。民庶房屋起造如樓,上不通板,卻用檳榔木劈開如竹片樣, 密擺用藤紮縛甚堅固,上鋪藤簟竹蓆,坐臥食息皆在其上。   王者之絆用白布纏頭,上不穿衣,下圍絲嵌手巾,加以錦綺壓腰。出入騎 象或乘轎,一人執金柄傘,茭蔁葉做甚好。王係鎖俚人氏,崇信釋教。國人為 僧為尼姑者極多。僧尼服色與中國頗同。亦住庵觀,持齋受戒。其俗凡事皆是 婦人主掌,其國王及下民若有謀議、刑罰、輕重、買賣一應巨細之事,皆決於 妻。其婦人志量果勝於男子,若有妻與我中國人通好者,則置酒飯同飲坐寢, 其夫恬不為怪,乃曰:「我妻美,為中國人喜愛。」男子撮髻,用白頭布纏頭 ,身穿長衫。婦人亦椎髻,穿長衫。男子年二十餘歲則將莖物周回之皮,如韮 菜樣細刀挑開,嵌入錫珠十數顆皮內,用藥封護,待瘡口好,才出行走。其狀 累累如葡萄一般。自有一等人開鋪,專與人嵌焊銖,以為藝業。如國王或大頭 目或富人,則以金為虛珠,內安砂子一粒,嵌之行走,玎玎有聲,乃以為美。 不嵌珠之男子為下等人,此最為可怪之事。男女婚姻,先請僧迎男子至女家, 就令僧討取童女喜紅,貼於男子之面額,名曰利市,然後成親。過三日後,又 請僧及諸親友拌檳榔彩船等物,迎其夫婦回於男家,置酒作樂待親友。死喪之 禮,凡富貴人死,則用水銀灌於腹內而葬之﹔閑下人死,擡屍於郊外海邊,放 沙際,隨有金色之鳥大如鵝者,三五十數,飛集空中下將屍肉盡食飛去。餘骨 家人號泣就棄海中而歸,謂之鳥葬,亦請僧設齋誦經禮佛而已。  國之西北 去二百餘里有一市鎮,名上水,可通雲南後門。此處有番人五六百家,諸色番 貨皆有賣者,紅馬斯肯的石,此處多有賣者。此石在紅雅姑肩下,明淨如石榴 子一般。中國寶船到暹羅,亦用小船去做買賣。  其國產黃速香、羅褐速香 、降真香、沈香、花梨木、白豆蔲、大風子、血竭、藤結、蘇木、花錫、象牙 、翠毛等物。其蘇木如薪之廣,顏色絕勝他國出者。異獸有白象、獅子、貓、 白鼠。其蔬菜之類,如占城一般。酒有米酒、椰子酒、二者俱是燒酒,其價甚 賤。牛羊雞鴨等畜皆有。國語頗似廣東鄉談音韻。民俗囂淫,好習水戰。其王 常差部領討伐鄰邦。買賣以海當錢使用,不拘金艱銅錢俱使,惟中國歷代銅錢 則不使。其王每差頭目將蘇木降香等寶進貢中國。     滿剌加國   自占城向正南,好風船行八日到龍牙門。入門往西行,二日可到。此處舊 不稱國,因海有五嶼之名,遂名曰五嶼。無國王,止有頭目掌管。此地屬暹羅 所轄,歲輸金四十兩,否則差人征伐。永樂七年己丑,上命正使太監鄭和等統 〔寶船〕齎詔勑,賜頭目雙台銀印冠帶袍服,建碑封城,遂名滿刺加國,是後 暹羅莫敢侵擾。其頭目蒙恩為王,挈妻子赴京朝謝,貢進方物,朝廷又賜與海 船回國守土。  其國東南是大海,西北是老岸連山。皆沙鹵之地,氣候朝熱 暮寒,田瘦穀薄,人少耕種。有一大溪河水,下流從王居前過入海。其王於溪上建立木橋,上造橋亭二十餘間,諸物買賣俱在其上。  國王國人皆從回回 教門,持齋受戒誦經。其王服用以細白番布纏頭,身穿細花青布長衣,其樣如 袍。腳穿皮鞋,出入乘轎。國人男子方帕包頭,女人撮髻腦後。身體微黑,下 圍白布手巾,上穿色布短衫。風俗淳樸,房屋如樓閣之制,上不鋪板,但高四 尺許之際,以椰子樹劈成片縧,稀布於上,用藤縛定,如羊棚樣。自有層次, 連牀就榻盤膝而坐,飲臥廚灶皆在上也。   人多以漁為業,用獨木刳舟泛海取魚。   土產黃速香、烏本、打麻兒香、花錫之類。打麻兒香本是一等樹脂,流出 入土,掘出如松香瀝青之樣,火燒即著。番人皆以此物點照當燈。番船造完, 則用此物熔塗於縫,水莫能入,甚好。彼地之人多採取此物以轉寶他國。內有 明淨好者,卻似金珀一樣,名損都盧斯。番人做成帽珠而賣,今水珀即此物也 。花錫有二處山塢錫場,王命頭目主之,差人淘煎,鑄成鬥樣,以為小塊輸官 。每塊重官秤一斤八兩,或一斤四兩,每十塊用藤縛為小把,四十塊為一大把 ,通市交易皆以此錫行使。  其國人言語并書記婚姻之禮,頗與爪哇同。   山野有一等樹,名沙孤樹,鄉人以此物之皮,如中國葛根搗浸澄濾其樹作 丸,如菉豆大,曬乾而賣,其名曰沙孤米,可以作飯契。海之洲渚岸邊生一等 水草,名茭蔁葉。長如刀茅樣,似苦筍。殼厚,性軟,結子如荔枝樣,雞子大 。人取其子釀酒,名茭蔁酒,飲之亦能醉人。鄉人取其葉結竹細簟,止闊二尺 ,長丈餘,為席而賣。果有甘蔗、巴蕉子、波羅蜜、野荔枝之類。菜蔥、薑、 蒜、芥、東瓜、西瓜皆有。牛、羊、雞、鴨雖有而不多。價亦甚貴。其水牛═ 頭直銀一斤以上。驢馬皆無。其海邊水內常有鼉龍傷人。其龍高三四尺,四足 ,滿身鱗甲,背刺排生。龍頭撩牙,遇人即齧。山出黑虎,比中國黃虎略小, 其毛黑,亦有暗花紋。其黃虎亦間有之,國中有虎化為人,入市混人而行,自 有識者,擒而殺之。如占城屍頭蠻,此處亦有。   凡中國寶船到彼,則立排柵,如城垣,設四門、更鼓樓,夜則提鈴巡警, 內又立重柵,如小城。蓋造庫藏倉廒,一應錢糧頓在其內,去各國船隻回到此 處取齊,打整番貨,裝載船內,等候南風正順,於五月中旬開洋回還。其國王 亦自採辦方物,挈妻子帶領頭目駕船跟隨寶船赴闕進貢。     啞魯國   自滿刺加國開船,好風行四晝夜可到。其國有港名淡水港一條,入港到國 ,南是大山,北是大海,西連蘇門答剌國界,東有平地。堪種旱稻,米粒細小 ,糧食頻有。民以耕漁為業。風俗淳樸,國內婚喪等事,皆與爪哇、滿刺加國 相同。貨用稀少,棉布名考泥,并米穀牛羊雞鴨甚廣。乳酪多有賣者。  其 國王、國人皆是回回人。   山林中出一等飛虎,如貓大,遍身毛灰色。有肉翅,如蝙蝠一般,但前足 肉翅生連後足,能飛不遠。人或有獲得者,不服家食即死。土產黃速香、金銀 香之類。乃小國也。     蘇門答刺國   蘇門答刺國,即古須文達那國是也。其處乃西洋之總路,寶船自滿刺加國 向西南,好風五晝夜,先到濱海一村,名苔魯蠻。繫船,往東南十餘里可到。 其國無城郭,有一大溪皆淡水,流出於海。一日二次潮水長落,其海口浪大, 船隻常有沈歿。其國南去有百里數之遠,是大深山﹔北是大海﹔東亦是大山, 至阿魯國界﹔正西邊大海。其山連小國二處,先至那孤兒王界,又至黎代王界 。其蘇門答刺國王,先被那孤兒花面王侵掠,戰鬥身中藥箭而死。有一子幼小 ,不能與父報仇。其王之妻與眾誓曰:「有能報夫死之讎,復全其地者,吾願 妻之,共主國事。」言訖,本處有一漁翁,奮志而言:「我能報之。」遂領兵 眾當先殺敗花面王,復雪其讎。花面王被殺,其眾想伏,不敢侵擾。王妻於是 不負前盟,即與漁翁配合,稱「為老王」,家室地賦之類,悉聽老王裁制。永 樂七年,效職進貢方物而沐天恩,永樂十年復至其國。其先王之子長成,陰與 部領合謀弒義父漁翁,奪其位管其國。漁翁有嫡子名蘇幹剌,領眾挈家逃去, 鄰山自立一寨,不時率眾侵復父讎。永樂十三年,正使太監鄭和等統領大寶船 到彼,發兵擒獲蘇幹剌,赴闕明正其罪。其王子感荷聖恩,常貢方物於朝廷。   其國四時氣候不齊,朝熱如夏,暮寒如秋。五月七月間亦有瘴氣。山產硫 黃,出於巖穴之中。其山不生草木,土石皆焦黃色。田土不廣,惟種旱稻,一 年二熟。大小二麥皆無。其胡椒倚山居住人家置園種之。藤蔓而生,若中國廣 東甜菜樣,開花黃白色,結椒成實。生則青,老則紅,候其半老之時,摘採曬 乾貨賣。其椒粒虛大者,即此處椒也。每官秤一百斤,彼處賣金錢八十,直銀 一兩。果有芭蕉子、甘蔗、莽吉柿、波羅蜜之類。有一等臭果,番名賭爾(烏 )〔焉〕,如中國水雞頭樣,長八九寸皮,生尖刺,熟則五六瓣裂開,若爛牛 肉之臭。內有栗子大酥白肉十四五塊,甚甜美可食,其中更皆有子,炒而食之 ,其味如栗。酸橘甚廣,四時常有。若洞庭獅柑、綠橘樣,其味不酸,可以久 留不爛。又一等酸子,番名俺拔。如大消梨樣,頗長,綠皮,其氣香烈。欲食 簽去其皮,批切外肉而食,酸甜甚美。核如雞子大。其桃李等果俱無。蔬菜有 蔥、蒜、薑、芥。東瓜至廣,長久不壞。西瓜綠皮紅子,有長二三尺者。人家 廣養黃牛,乳酪多有賣者。羊皆黑毛,並無白者。雞無者,番人不識扇雞。惟 有母雞,雄雞大者七斤,略煮便軟,其味甚美,絕勝別國之雞。鴨腳低矮,大 有五六斤者。桑樹亦有,人家養蠶,不會繰絲,只會做棉。   其國風俗淳厚,言語書記婚喪穿拌衣服等事,皆與滿剌加國相同。其民之 居住,其屋如樓,高不鋪板,但用椰子檳榔二木劈成條片,以藤劄縛,再鋪藤 簟,高八尺,人居其上。高處亦鋪閣柵。  此處多有番船往來,所以國中諸 般番貨多有賣者。其國使金錢、錫錢,金錢番名底那兒,以七成淡金鑄造,每 個圓徑官寸五分,而底有紋,官秤二分三釐,一曰每四十八個重金一兩四分。 錫錢番名加失,凡買賣恒以錫錢使用,國中一應買賣交易,皆以十六兩為一斤 ,數論價以通行四方。     那孤兒國   那孤兒王,又名花面王。其地在蘇門答刺西,地之界相連,止是一大山村 。但所管人民皆於面上刺三尖青花為號,所以稱為花面王。地方不廣,人民只 有千餘家,田少,人多以耕陸為生。米糧稀少,豬羊雞鴨皆有。言語動靜與蘇 門答剌國相同,土無出產,乃小國也。      黎代國   黎代之地,亦一小邦也。在那孤兒地界之西。此處南是大山,北臨大海, 西連南浡裡國為界。國人三千家,自推一人為王,以主其事,屬蘇門答剌國所 轄。土無所產,言語行用與蘇門答剌同。山有野犀牛至多,王亦差人捕獲,隨 同蘇門答剌國以進貢於中國。     南浡裡國   自蘇門苔刺往正西,好風行三晝夜可到。其國邊海,人民止有千家有餘, 皆是回回人,甚是樸實。地方東接黎代王界,西北皆臨大海,南去是山,山之 南又是大海。國王亦是回回人。王居屋處,用大木高四丈,如樓起造,樓下俱 無裝飾,縱放牛羊牲畜在下。樓上四邊以板折落,甚潔,坐臥食處皆在其上。 民居之屋與蘇門答剌國同。   其處黃牛、水牛、山羊、雞、鴨、蔬菜皆(少)〔有〕。魚蝦甚賤,米穀 少。使用銅錢。山產降真香,此處至好,名蓮花降。并有犀牛。  國之西北 海內有一大平頂峻山,半日可到,名帽山。其山之西亦皆大海,是西洋也,名 那沒洋。西來過洋船隻收帆,俱望此山為準。其山邊二丈上下淺水內,生海樹 。彼人撈取為寶物貨賣,即珊瑚也。其樹大者高二三尺,根頭有一大拇指大根 ,如墨之沈黑,如玉石之溫潤。稍上椏枝婆娑可愛。根頭大處可碾為帽珠器物 。   其帽山腳下亦有居民二三十家,各自稱為王。若問其姓名,則曰「阿菰喇 楂」,「我便是王」以答。或問其次,則曰「阿菰喇楂」,「我亦是王」甚可 笑也。其國屬南浡裡國所轄。其南浡裡王常跟寶船,將降真香等物貢於中國。     錫蘭國(裸形國)   自帽山南放洋,好風向東北行三日,見翠藍山在海中。其山三四座,惟一 山最高大,番名按篤蠻山。彼處之人巢居穴處,男女赤體,皆無寸絲,如獸畜 之形。土不出米,惟食山芋、波羅蜜、芭蕉子之類,或海中捕魚蝦而食。人傳 云:若有寸布在身,即生爛瘡。昔釋迦佛過海,於此處登岸,脫衣入水澡浴, 彼人盜藏其衣,被釋迦咒訖,以此至今人不能穿衣,俗言出卵塢,即地也。   過此投西,船行七日,見鶯歌嘴山,再三兩日,到佛堂山,才到錫蘭國馬頭 名別羅裡。自此泊船,登岸陸行。此處海邊山腳光石上有一足跡,長二尺許, 云是釋迦從翠藍山來,從此處登岸,腳踏此石,故跡存焉。中有淺水不乾,人 皆手蘸其水洗面拭目,曰「佛水清淨」。左有佛寺,內有釋迦佛混身側臥,尚 存不朽。其寢座用各樣寶石妝嵌沈香木為之,甚是華麗,又有佛牙并活舍利子 等物在堂。其釋迦涅盤,正此慮也 。   又北去四五十里,才到王居之城。國王係鎖俚人氏,祟信釋教,尊敬象牛 。人將牛糞燒灰,遍搽其體,牛不敢食,止食其乳。如有牛死,即埋之,若私 宰牛者,王法罪死,或納牛頭大金以贖其罪。王之居址,大家小戶每晨將牛糞 用水調稀,遍塗屋下地面,然後拜佛。兩手直舒於前,兩腿直伸於後,胸腹皆 貼地而為拜。   王居之側有一大山,侵雲高聳,山頂有人腳跡一個,入石深二尺,長八尺 餘。云是人祖阿聃聖人,即盤古之足跡也。此山內出紅雅姑、青雅姑、黃雅姑 、青米籃心、昔剌泥、窟沒藍等一切寶石皆有。每有大雨沖出土,流下沙中, 尋拾則有。常言寶石乃是佛祖眼淚結成。  其海中有雪白浮沙一片,日月照 其沙,光彩瀲灩,日有珍珠螺蚌聚集沙上。其王置珠池,二三年一次令人取螺 蚌傾入池中,差人看守此池,候其壞爛,則用水淘珠,納官。亦有偷盜賣於他 國者。   其國地廣人稠,亞於爪哇。民俗饒富,男子上身赤膊,下圍色絲手巾,加 以壓腰。滿身毫毛俱剃淨,止留其,用白布纏頭。如有父母死者,其須毛即不 剃,此為孝禮。婦人撮髻腦後,下圍白布。其新生小兒則剃頭,女留胎不剃, 就養至成人。無酥油牛乳不食飯。人欲食飯,則於暗處潛食,不令人見。平居 檳榔荖葉不絕於口。  米穀、芝麻、菉豆皆有,惟無大小二麥。椰子至多, 油糖酒醬皆以此物借造而食。  人死則以火化埋骨,其喪家聚親鄰之婦,都 將兩手齊拍胸乳而叫號哭泣為禮。  果有芭蕉子、波羅蜜、甘蔗、瓜茄、蔬 菜,牛羊雞鴨皆有。  王以金為錢,通行使用,每錢一個,重官秤一分六釐 。中國麝香、紵絲、色絹、青磁片碗、銅錢、樟腦,甚喜。則將寶石珍珠換易 。王常差人賚寶石等物,隨同回洋寶船進貢中國。     小葛蘭國   自錫蘭國馬頭名別羅裡開船,往西北,好風行六晝夜可到。其國邊海,東 連大山,西是大海,南北地狹,外亦大海,連海而居。國王國人皆鎖俚人氏。 祟信釋教,尊敬象牛,婚姻喪葬等事與錫蘭國同。  土產蘇木、胡椒不多, 其果菜之類皆有。牛羊頗異他產。其羊青毛長腳,高二尺三尺者,黃牛有三四 百斤者。酥油多有賣者。人一日二飡,皆用酥油拌飯而食。王以金鑄錢,每個 重官秤一分,通行使用。雖是一小國,其王亦將方物差人貢於中國。     柯枝國   自小葛蘭國開船,沿山投西北,好風行一晝夜,到其國港口泊船。本國東 是大山,西臨大海,南北邊海,有路可往鄰國。  其國王與民亦鎖俚人氏, 頭纏黃白布,上不穿衣,下圍紵絲手巾,再用顏色紵絲一匹纏之於腰,名曰壓 腰。   其頭目及富人服用與王者頗同。民居之屋,用椰子木起造,用椰子葉編成 片如草苫樣蓋之,雨不能漏。家家用磚泥砌一土庫,止分大小,凡有細軟之物 ,俱放於內,以防火盜。   國有五等人:一等名南昆,與王同類,內有剃頭掛線在頸者,最為貴族﹔ 二等回回人﹔三等人名哲地,係有錢財主﹔四等人名革令,專與人作牙保﹔五 等人名木瓜,木瓜者,至低賤之人也,至今此輩在海濱居住,房簷高不過三尺 ,高者有罪,其穿衣上不過臍,下不過膝,其出於途,如遇南昆、哲地人,即 伏於地,候過即起而行。木瓜之輩,專以漁樵及擡負挑擔為生,官不容穿長衣 ,其經商買賣與中國漢人一般。   其國王祟信佛教,尊敬象牛,建造佛殿,以銅鑄佛像,用青石砌座,佛座 邊周圍砌成水溝,傍穿一井,每日侵晨,則鳴鐘擊鼓,汲井水,於佛頂澆之再 三,眾皆羅拜而退。   另有一等人名濁,即道人也,亦有妻子。此輩自出母胎,不經剃,亦不梳 篦,以酥油等物將搓成條縷,或十餘條,或七人條,披拽腦後。卻將黃牛之糞 燒成白灰,遍搽其體,上下皆不穿衣,止用如拇指大黃藤,兩轉緊縛其腰,又 以白布為梢子。手拿大海螺,常吹而行。其妻略以布遮其醜,隨夫而行。此等 即出家人,倘到人家,則與錢米等物。   其國氣候常暖如夏,無霜雪。每至二三月,日夜間則下陣頭雨一二次,番 人各整蓋房屋,備辦食用。至五六月,日夜間下滂沱大雨,街市成河,人莫能 行,大家小戶坐候雨信過。七月才晴,到八月半後晴起。到冬點雨皆無,直至 次年二三月間,又下雨。常言半年下雨半年晴,正此處也。土無他產,只出胡 椒,人多置園圃種椒為業。每年椒熟,本處自有收椒大戶收買,置倉盛貯,待 各處番商來買。論播荷說價,每一播荷該番秤二十五封剌,每一封剌該番秤十 斤,計官秤十六斤,每一播荷該官秤四百斤。賣波處金錢或一百個,或九十個 ,直銀五兩。   名稱哲地者,皆是財主,專一收買下寶石珍珠香貸之類,候中國寶(石) 船或別國番船客人來買,珍珠以分數論價而買。且如珠每顆重三分半者,賣彼 處金錢一千八百個,直銀一百兩。珊瑚枝梗,其哲地論斤重買下,顧倩匠人, 剪斷車旋成珠,洗磨光淨,亦秤分量而買。  王以九成金鑄錢行使,名曰法 南,重官秤一分一釐。又以銀為錢,比海螺靨大。每個官秤四釐,名曰答兒。 每金錢一個,倒換銀錢十五個,街市行使零用,則以此錢。  國人婚喪之禮 ,其五等人皆各從其類而不同。  米、粟、麻、豆、黍、稷皆有,止無大小 二麥。象、馬、牛、羊、犬、貓、雞、鴨皆有,只無驢騾與鵝爾。  國王亦 差頭目隨共回洋寶船將方物進貢中國。     古裡國   即西洋大國。從柯枝國港口開船,往西北行,三日方到。其國邊海,山之 東有五七百里,遠通坎巴夷國﹔西臨大海﹔南連柯枝國界﹔北邊相接狠奴兒地 面。西洋大國正此地也。永樂五年,朝廷命正使太監鄭和等齎詔敕賜其國王誥 命銀印給賜,升賞各頭目品級冠帶,統領大寶船到彼,起建碑庭,立石云:「 其國去中國十萬餘里,民物咸若熙皡同風,刻石於茲永示萬世。」   國王係 南昆人,祟信佛教,尊敬象牛。國人內有五等:回回人、南昆人、哲地人、革 令人、木瓜人。其國王國人皆不食牛肉,大頭目是回回人,皆不食豬肉。先是王 與回回人誓定,爾不食牛,我不食豬,互相禁忌,至今尚然。王以銅鑄佛像,名 乃納兒,起造佛殿,以銅鑄瓦而蓋佛座。傍掘井,每日侵晨,王至汲水浴佛,拜 訖,令人收取黃牛淨糞,用水調於銅盆如糊,遍擦殿內地面牆壁。且命頭目并富 家,每早亦塗擦牛混糞。又將牛糞燒成白灰,研細,用好布為小袋盛灰,常帶在 身,每日侵晨洗面畢,取牛糞灰調水,搽塗其額,并兩股間各三次,為敬佛敬牛 之誠。傳云:昔有一聖人名某些立教化,人人知其是真天人,皆欽從,以後聖人 同往他所,令其弟名撒沒嚟掌管教人,其弟心起矯妄,鑄一金犢,曰:「此是聖 主,凡叩之則有靈驗。」教人聽命,祟敬其金牛,曰:「常糞金,人得金」,心 愛而忘天道,皆以牛為真主。後某些聖人回還,見眾人被弟撒沒嚟惑壞聖道,遂 廢其牛,而欲罪其弟,其弟騎一大象遁去。後人思之,懸望其還,且如月初,則 言月中必至。及至月中,又言月盡必至。至今望之不絕。南昆人敬象牛,由此故 也。   王有大頭目二人,掌管國事,俱是回回人,國中大半皆奉回回教門。禮拜寺 有二三十處,七日一次行禮拜。至日,舉家齋浴,諸事不幹,巳午時,大小男子 到寺禮拜,至未時方散回家,才做買賣,幹理家事。人甚誠信,狀貌濟楚標緻。 其二大頭目受中國朝廷升賞,若寶船到彼,全憑二人主為買賣,王差頭目并哲地 未訥幾計書算於官府牙人來會,領船大人議擇某日打價,至日,先將帶去錦綺等 物,逐一議價已定,隨寫合同價數,彼此收執。其頭目哲地即與內官大人眾手相 拿。其牙人則言某月某日於眾手中拍一掌已定,或貴或賤,再不悔改。然後哲地 富戶才將寶石珍珠跚瑚等物來看議價,非一日能定,快則一月,緩則二三月,若 價錢較議已定,如買一主珍珠等物,該價若干,是原經手頸目未訥幾計算,該還 紵絲等物若干,照原打手之貨交還,毫釐無改,彼之演算法無算盤,只以兩手、 兩腳并二十指計算,毫釐無差,甚異於常。  王以六成金鑄錢行使,名吧南, 每個徑面官寸三分八釐,面底有紋,重官秤一分。又以銀為錢,名搭兒,每個約 重三釐,零用此錢。衡法每番秤一錢,該官秤八分,每番秤一兩,計十六錢,該 官秤一兩二錢八分。番秤二十兩為一斤,該官秤一斤九兩六錢。其番秤名番剌失 ,秤之權釘定於衡末,稱準則活動於衡中,提起平為定盤,星稱物則移准向前, 隨物輕重而進退之。止可秤十斤,該官秤十六斤,秤香貨之類,二百斤番秤為一 播荷,該官秤三百二十斤,若稱胡椒,二百五十斤為一播荷,該官秤四百斤。凡 稱一應巨細貨物,多用天平對較。其量法,官鑄銅為升行使,番名黨戛黎,每升 該官升一升六合。  西洋布本國名撦黎布,出於鄰境坎巴夷等處。每疋闊四尺 五寸,長二丈五尺,賣彼處金錢八個或十個。國人亦將蠶絲練染各色,織間道花 手巾,闊四五尺,長一丈二三尺,每條賣金錢一百個。胡椒山鄉住人置園多種。 到十月間,椒熟採摘曬乾而賣,自有收椒大戶來收,上官庫收貯。若有買者,官 與發買,見數計算稅錢納官。每胡椒一播荷,賣金錢二百個,其哲地多收買下各 色寶石珍珠,并做下跚硼珠等物,各處番船到彼,國王亦差頭目并寫字人等眼同 而賣,就取稅錢納官。  富家多種椰子樹,或一千株或二千三千株,為產業。 其椰子有十般使用:嫩者有漿甚甜,奸契,可釀酒﹔老者椰肉打油,做糖做飯吃 ﹔外包之穰,打索,造船﹔椰殼為碗,為杯,又好燒灰打箱金銀細巧生活﹔樹好 造屋,葉好蓋屋。蔬菜有芥菜、生薑、蘿蔔、胡荽、蔥、蒜、葫蘆、茄子、菜瓜 、東瓜四時皆有。又有一等小瓜,如指大,長二寸許,如青瓜之味,其蔥紫皮, 如蒜,大頭小葉,稱斤而賣。波羅蜜、芭蕉子廣有賣者。木別子樹高十餘丈,結 子如綠柿樣,內包其子三四十個,熟則自落。其蝙蝠如鷹之大,都在此樹上倒掛 而歇。米紅白皆有。麥大小俱無。其面皆從別處販來賣。雞鴨廣有,無鵝。羊腳 高灰色,如驢駒子之樣。水牛不甚大。黃牛有三四百斤者,人不食其肉,止食其 乳酪,人無酥油不吃飯。其牛養至老死即埋之。各色海魚其價極賤。山中鹿兔亦 有賣者。人家多養孔雀,其他禽鳥則有烏鴉、蒼鷹、鷺鷥、燕子,其餘別樣大小 禽鳥,則並無有。   國人亦會彈唱,以葫蘆殼為樂器,紅銅絲為弦,唱番歌相和而彈,音韻堪聽 。民俗婚喪之禮,鎖俚人、回回人各依自家本等體例不同。其王位不傳於子而傳 於外甥。傳甥止論女腹所生為嫡族。其王若無姊妹,傳之於弟。若無弟,遜與有 德之人。世代相仍如此。王法無鞭笞之刑,罪輕者截手斷足,重則罰金誅戮。甚 則抄沒滅族。人有犯法者,拘之到官,即伏其罪,若事情或有冤枉不伏者,則於 王前或大頭目前置一鐵鍋,盛油四五斤,煎滾,先以樹葉投試爆彈有聲,遂令其 人以右手二指煠於油內片時,待焦方起,用布包裹封記,監留在官,二三日後聚 眾開封視之,若手爛潰,其事不枉,即加以刑,若手如舊不損,則釋之,頭目人 等以鼓樂禮送此人回家,諸親鄰友饋禮相賀,飲酒作樂以相慶,此事最為奇異。   使回之日,其國王欲進貢,用好赤金五十兩,令番匠抽如細金絲,結綰成片 ,以各色寶石大珍珠廂成寶帶一條,差頭目乃邦進奉中國。     溜山國   自蘇門答刺開船,過小帽山投西南,好風行十日可到。其國番名牒幹,無城 郭,倚山聚居,四圍皆海,如洲渚一般,地方不廣。國之西去程途不等,海中天 生石門一座,如城闕樣。有八大處,溜各有其名:一曰沙溜,二曰人不知溜,三 曰起泉溜,四曰麻裡奇溜,五曰加半年溜,窄之溜,傳云三千有餘溜,此謂弱水 三千,此處是也。其間人皆巢居穴處,不識米穀,只捕魚蝦而食,不解穿衣,以 樹葉遮其前後。設遇風水不便,舟師失針舵損,船過其溜,落於瀉水,漸無力而 沈,大概行船皆宜該防此也。   牒幹國王、頭目、民庶皆是回回人。風俗純美,所行悉遵教門規矩。人多以 漁為業,種椰子為生。男女體貌微黑,男子白布纏頭,下圍手巾。婦人上穿短衣 ,下亦以闊布手巾圍之。又用闊大布手巾過頭遮蓋,止露其面。婚喪之禮悉依回 回教門親矩而後行。  土產降真香也不多,椰子甚廣,各處來收買往別國貨賣 。有等小樣椰子殼,彼人旋做酒鍾,以花梨木為足,用番漆漆其口足,甚為希罕 其。椰子外包之欀,打成麄細繩索,堆積在家,各處番船上人亦來收買,賣與別 國,造船等用。其造番船,皆不用釘,止鑽其孔,皆以此索聯縛,加以木楔,然 後以番瀝青塗縫,水不能漏。其龍涎香,漁者常於溜處採得,如水浸瀝青之色, 嗅之無香,火燒惟有腥氣,其價高貴,買者以銀對易,海彼人採積如山,罨爛其 肉,轉賣暹羅、榜葛剌等國,當錢使用。其馬鮫魚切成大塊,曬乾收貯,各國亦 來收販他處,名曰海溜魚而賣之。織一等絲嵌手巾,甚密實長闊,絕勝他處所織 者。又有一等織金方帕,與男子纏頭,價有賣銀五兩之貴者。  天之氣候,四 時常熱如夏。其土地甚瘠,米少,無麥,蔬菜不廣,牛羊雞鴨皆有,餘無所出。 王以銀鑄小錢使用。中國寶船一二隻亦到彼處,收買龍涎香、椰子等物,乃一小 邦也。     祖法兒國   自古裡國開船投西北,好風行十晝夜可到。其國邊海倚山,無城郭,東南大 海,西北重山。國王、國人皆奉回回教門。人體長大,貌豐偉語言樸實。王者之 絆,以白細番布纏頭,身穿青花如大指大細絲嵌蓋頭,或金錦衣袍,足穿番靴, 或淺面皮鞋。出入乘轎或騎馬,前後擺列象駝、馬隊,刀牌手,吹篳篥鎖,簇擁 而行。民下所服衣冠,纏頭長衣腳穿靴鞋。如遇禮拜日,上半日市絕交易,男女 長幼皆沐浴,既畢,即將薔薇露或沈香并抽搽面并四體,俱穿齊整新淨衣服。又 以小土爐燒沈檀俺八兒等香,立於爐上,薰其衣體,才往禮拜寺。拜畢方回,經 過街市,半晌薰香不絕。婚喪之禮,素遵回回教規而行。   土產乳香,其香乃樹脂也。其樹似榆,而葉尖長。彼人每砍樹取香而賣。中 國寶船到彼,開讀賞賜畢,其王差頭目遍諭國人,皆將乳香、血竭、蘆薈、沒藥 、安息香、蘇合油、木別子之類,來換易紵絲、磁器等物。此處氣候,常如八九 月,不冷。米麥豆粟黍稷麻穀,及諸般蔬菜、瓜茄、牛、羊、馬、驢、貓、犬、 雞、鴨之類,亦皆不缺。山中亦有駝雞,土人間亦捕獲來賣。其雞身匾頸長,其 狀如鶴,腳高三四尺,每腳止有二指。毛如駱駝,食綠豆等物,行似駱駝,因此 名駝雞。其駱駝則有單峰者,有只峰者,人皆騎坐以適街市。將死,則殺之賣其 肉。  其王鑄金錢名倘伽,每個重官秤二錢,徑一寸五分,一面有紋,一面人 形之紋。又以紅銅鑄為小錢,約重三釐,徑四分,零用。其國王於欽差使者回日 ,亦差其頭目將乳香駝雞等物,跟隨寶船以進貢於朝廷焉。     阿丹國   自古裡國開船,投正西兌位,好風行一月可到。其國邊海,離山遠。國富民 饒,國王、國人皆奉回回教門,說阿刺壁言語。人性強梗,有馬步銳兵七八千, 所以國勢威重,鄰邦畏之。永樂十九年,欽命正使太監李 等,齎詔勑衣冠賜其 王酋,到蘇門答刺國,分內官周 領駕寶船數隻到彼。王聞其至,即率大小頭目 至海濱迎接詔敕賞賜,至王府行禮甚恭謹感伏,開讀畢,國王即諭其國人,但有 珍寶許令賣易。在彼買得重二錢許大塊貓睛石,各色雅姑等異寶,大顆珍珠,珊 瑚樹高二尺者數株,又買得珊瑚枝五櫃、金珀、薔薇露、麒麟、獅子、花福鹿、 金錢豹、駝雞、白鳩之類而還。   國王之絆,頭戴金冠,身穿黃袍,腰繫寶妝金帶。至禮拜日赴寺禮拜,則換 細白番布纏頭,上加金錦之頂,身穿白袍,坐車列隊而行。其頭目冠服各有等第 不同。國人穿絆,男子纏頭,穿撒哈喇梭幅、錦繡紵絲等衣,足著靴鞋。婦人之 絆,身穿長衣,肩項佩寶石、珍珠、纓絡,如觀音之絆,耳帶金廂寶環四對,臂 纏金寶釧鐲,足指亦帶指環。又用絲嵌手巾蓋於頂上,止露其面。  凡國人打 造鈒細金銀首飾等項生活,甚精妙,絕勝天下。又有市肆、混堂,并熟食、絲帛 、書籍、諸色什物鋪店皆有。王用赤金鑄錢行使,名甫嚕嚟,每個重官秤一錢, 底面有紋。又用紅銅鑄錢,名甫嚕斯,零使。   其地氣候溫和,常如八九月。日月之定無閨月,惟以十二個月為一年。月無 大小,若頭夜見新月,明日即月首也。四季不定,自有陰陽人推算,如以某日為 春首,後果然花草開榮。某日是初秋,果然木葉雕落。及於日月交食、潮信早晚 ,并風雨寒暖,無不准驗。   人之飲食,米粉麥面諸品皆有,多以乳酪、酥油、糖蜜製造而食。米、粟、 豆、穀、大小二麥、芝麻并諸色蔬菜俱有,果子有萬年棗、松子、把擔、乾葡萄 、核桃、花紅、石榴、桃、杏之類。象、駝、驢、騾、牛、羊、雞、鴨、貓、犬 皆有,止無豬鵝。棉羊白毛無角,頭上有黑毛二團,如中國童子頂搭。其頸下如 牛袋一般,其毛短如狗,其尾大如盤。   民居房屋皆以石砌,上以磚蓋,或土蓋。有石砌三層,高四五丈。亦有用木 起架為樓居者,其木皆土產紫檀木為之。  其地土所產草木,又有薔薇露、簷 蔔花、無核白葡萄,并花福鹿、青花白駝雞、大尾無角棉羊。其福鹿如騾子樣, 白身白面,眉心隱隱起細細青條花,起滿身至四蹄,細條如間道如畫。青花白駝 雞亦有青花,如福鹿一般。麒麟前二足高九尺餘,後兩足約高六尺,頭擡頸長一 丈六尺。首昂後低,人莫能騎。頭上有兩肉角,在耳邊,牛尾鹿身蹄有三跲,匾 口,食粟、豆、麵餅。其獅子身形似虎,黑黃無斑,頭大口闊,尾尖毛多,黑長 如纓。聲吼如雷,諸獸見之,伏不敢起,乃獸中之王也。  其國王感荷聖恩, 特造金廂寶帶二條,窟嵌珍珠寶石金冠一頂,并雅姑等各樣寶石地角二枚,金葉 表文,進貢中國。     榜葛剌國   自蘇門答刺國開船,取帽山并翠藍島,投西北上,好風行二十日,先到浙地 港泊船,用小船入港,五百餘里到地名鎖納兒港登岸,向西南行三十五站到其國 。有城郭,其王府并一應大小衙門皆在城內。  其國地方廣闊,物穰民稠,舉 國皆是回回人,民俗淳善。富家造船往諸番國經營者頗多,出外傭役者亦多。人 之容體皆黑,間有一白者。男子皆剃,以白布纏之。身服從頭套下圓領長衣,下 圍各色闊手巾,足穿淺面皮鞋。其國王并頭目之服,俱奉回回教禮,冠衣甚整麗 。國語皆從榜葛裡,自成一家言語,說吧兒西語者亦有之。國王以銀鑄錢,名倘 伽,每個重官秤三錢,徑官寸一寸二分,底面有紋。一應買賣皆以此錢論廬零用 。海番名考嚟,論個數交易。民俗冠喪祭婚姻之禮,皆依回回教門禮制。   四時氣候,常熱如夏。稻穀一年二熟,米粟細長,多有細紅米。粟、麥、芝 麻、各色豆黍、薑、芥、蔥、蒜、瓜、茄、蔬菜皆有。果有芭蕉子。酒有三四等 ,椰子酒、米酒、樹酒、茭蔁酒各色法制,多有燒酒。市賣無茶,人家以檳榔待 人。街市一應鋪店、混堂、酒飯甜食等肆都有。駝、馬、驢、騾、水牛、黃牛、 山羊、棉羊、鵝、鴨、雞、豬、犬、貓等畜皆有。果則有波羅蜜、酸子、石榴、 甘蔗等類,其甜食則有沙糖、白糖、糖霜、糖果、蜜煎、蜜薑之類。土產五六樣 細布:一樣蓽布,番名卑泊,闊三尺餘,長五丈六七尺,此布勻細如粉箋═般﹔ 一樣薑黑布,番名滿者提,闊四尺許,長五丈餘,此布緊密壯實﹔一樣番名沙納 巴付,闊五尺,長三丈,便如生平羅樣,即布羅也﹔一樣番名忻白勤搭黎,闊三 尺,長六丈,布眼稀勻,即布紗他,皆用此布纏頭﹔一樣番名沙榻兒,闊二尺五 六寸,長四丈餘,如好三梭布一般﹔有一樣番名驀黑驀勒,闊四尺,長二丈餘, 背面皆起絨頭,厚四五分,即兜羅綿也。桑柘蠶繭皆有,止會作線繰絲嵌手巾并 絹。不曉成綿。漆器、盤碗、鑌鐵、輪、刀、翦等器皆有賣者。一樣白紙,亦是 樹皮所造,光滑細膩如鹿皮一般。  國法有笞杖徒流等刑。官品衙門印信行移 皆有。軍亦有官管給糧餉,管軍頭目名吧斯剌兒。醫蔔陰陽百工技藝皆有之。其 行術,身穿挑黑線白布花衫,下圍色絲手巾,以各色硝子珠間以珊瑚珠穿成纓絡 ,佩於肩項,又以青紅硝子燒成鐲,帶於兩臂,人家宴飲,此輩亦來動樂,口唱 番歌對舞,亦有解數。有一等人名根肖速魯奈,即樂工也。每日五更時分,到頭 目或富家門苜,一人吹銷,一人擊小鼓,一人擊大鼓,初起則慢,自有調拍,後 漸緊促而息。又至一家,如前吹擊而去,至飯時仍到各家或與酒飯,或與錢物。 撮弄把戲,諸色皆有,不甚奇異。止有一樣,一人同其妻以鐵索拴一大虎,在街 牽拽而行,至人家演弄。即解其鐵索,令虎坐於地。其人赤體單梢,對虎跳躍, 拽拳將虎踢打。其虎性發作威,咆哮勢若撲人。其人與虎對跌數交畢,又以一臂 伸入虎口,直至其喉,虎不敢咬。其人仍銷虎頸,則伏於地討食。其家則與肉啖 之,又與其人錢物而去。日月之定,亦以十二個月為一年,無閏月。節氣早晚臨 期推。  王亦差人駕船往各番國買賣,取辦方物珍珠寶石,進貢中國。     忽魯謨廝國   自古裡國開船投西北,好風行二十五日可到。其國邊海倚山,各處番船并旱 番客商,都到此地趕集買賣,所以國民皆富。國王國人皆奉回回教門,尊謹誠信 ,每日五次禮拜,沐浴齋戒。風俗淳厚,無貧苦之家。若有一家遭禍致貧者,眾 皆贈以衣食錢本,而救濟之。人之體貌清白豐偉,衣冠濟楚標緻。婚喪之禮,悉 遵回回教規。男子娶妻,先以媒妁,已通禮訖,其男家即置席請加的。加的者, 掌教門規矩之官也。及主婚人并媒人,親族之長者,兩家各通三代鄉貫來歷,寫 立婚書已定,然後擇日成親。否則官府如奸論罪。如有人死者,即用白番布為大 殮小殮之衣,用瓶盛淨水,將屍從頭至足澆洗二三次,既淨,以麝香片腦填屍口 鼻,才服殮衣,貯棺內,當即便埋。其墳以石砌,穴下鋪淨沙五六寸,擡棺至, 則去其棺,止將屍放石穴內,上以石板蓋定,加以淨土厚築墳堆,甚堅整也。人 之飲食,務以酥油拌煮而食。市中燒羊、燒雞、燒肉、薄餅、哈喇潵一應麵食皆 有賣者。二三口之家多不舉火做飯,止買熟食而契。  王以銀鑄錢,名底那兒 ,徑官寸六分,底面有紋,重官秤四分,通行使用。書記皆是回回字,其市肆諸 般鋪面百物皆有,止無酒館。國法飲酒者棄市。文武醫蔔之人絕勝他處。各色技 藝皆有,其撮弄把戲,皆不為奇。惟有一樣,羊上高竿,最可笑也。其術用木一 根,長一丈許,木竿頭上止可許羊四蹄立於木。將木立豎於地,扶定,其人引一 小白羝羊,拍手念誦。其羊依拍鼓舞,來近其竿,先以前二足搭定其木,又將後 二足一縱立於竿上。又一人將木一根於羊腳前挨之,其羊又將前兩足搭上木頂, 隨將後二腳縱起。人即扶定其木,其羊立於二木之頂,跳動似舞之狀。又將木一 段趲之,連上五六段,又高丈許。俟其舞罷,然後立於中木,人即推倒其竿,以 手接住其羊。又令臥地作死之狀,令舒前腳則舒前,令舒後腳則舒後。又有將一 大黑猴,高三尺許,演弄諸般本事了,然後令一閒人,將巾帕重重摺疊,緊縛其 猴兩眼,別令一人潛打猴頭一下,深深避之,後解其帕,令尋打頭之人,猴於千 百人中徑取原人而出,甚為怪也。  其國氣候寒暑,春開花,秋落葉。有霜無 雪,雨少露多。有一大山,四面出四樣之物。一面如海邊出之鹽,紅色。人用鐵 鋤如打石一般鑿起一塊,有三四十斤者。又不潮濕,欲用食,則搥碎為末而用。 一面出紅土,如銀朱之紅﹔一面出白土,如石灰,可以粉牆壁﹔一面出黃土,如 薑黃色之黃。俱著頭目守管,各處自有客商來販賣為用。  土產米麥不多,皆 是別處販來糶賣,其價極賤。果有核桃、把聃果、松子、石榴、葡萄乾、桃乾、 花紅、萬年棗、西瓜、菜瓜、蔥、韭、薤、蒜、蘿蔔、甜瓜等物。其胡蘿蔔,紅 色如藕大者至多。甜瓜甚大,有高二尺者。其核桃,殼薄白色,手捏即破。松子 長寸許,葡萄乾有三四樣:一樣如棗幹,紫色﹔一樣如蓮子大,無核,結霜﹔一 樣圓顆如白豆大,略白色。把聃果如核桃樣,尖長色白,內有仁,味勝核桃肉。 石榴如茶鍾大,花紅如拳大,甚香美。萬年棗亦有三樣:一樣番名垛沙布,每個 如母指大,核小結霜如沙糖,忒甜難吃﹔一樣挼爛成二三十個大塊,如好柿餅及 軟棗之味﹔一等如南棗樣略大,味頗澀,彼人將來喂牲口。  此處各番寶貨皆 有,更有青紅黃雅姑石,并紅剌、祖把碧、祖母剌、貓睛、金鋼鑽,大顆珍珠如 龍眼大,重一錢二三分,珊瑚樹珠,并枝梗、金珀、珀珠、神珠、蠟珀、黑珀, 番名撤白值。各色美玉器皿、水晶器皿,十樣錦翦絨花單,其絨起一二分,長二 丈,闊一丈,各色梭幅,撤哈喇氊、氁羅氁紗、各番青紅絲嵌手巾等類皆有賣者 。  駝馬、騾、牛、羊廣有。其羊有四樣:一等大尾棉羊,每個有七八十斤, 其尾闊一尺餘,拖著地,重二十餘斤﹔一等狗尾羊,如山羊樣,其尾長二尺餘﹔ 一等鬥羊,高二尺七八寸,前半截毛長拖地,後半截皆翦淨,其頭面頸額似棉羊 。角彎轉向前,上帶小鐵牌,行動有聲。此羊性怏鬥,好事之人餵養於家,與人 鬥賭錢物為戲。又出一等獸,名草上飛,番名昔稚鍋失,如大貓大,渾身儼似玳 瑁斑貓樣,兩耳尖黑,性純不惡。若獅豹等項猛獸,見他即俯伏於地,乃獸中之 王也。  其國王亦將船隻載獅子、麒麟、馬疋、珠子、寶石等物并金葉表文, 差其頭目人等,跟隨欽差西洋回還寶船,赴闕進貢。     天方國   此國即默伽國也。自古裡國開船,投西南申位,船行三個月方到本國馬頭, 番名秩達。有大頭目主守。自秩達往西行一日,到王居之城,名默伽國。奉回回 教門,聖人始於此國闡揚教法,至今國人悉遵教規行事,纖毫不敢違犯。其國人 物魁偉,體貌紫膛色。男子纏頭,穿長衣,足著皮鞋。婦人俱戴蓋頭,莫能見其 面。說阿剌畢言語。國法禁酒。民風和美,無貧難之家。悉遵教規,犯法者少, 誠為極樂之界。婚喪之禮皆依教門體例而行。   自此再行大半日之程,到天堂禮拜寺,其堂番名愷阿白。外周垣城,其城有 四百六十六門,門之兩傍皆用白玉石為柱,其柱共有四百六十七個,前九十九個 ,後一百一個,左邊一百三十二個,右邊一百三十五個。其堂以五色石疊砌,四 方平頂樣。內用沈香大木五條為梁,以黃金為閣。滿堂內牆壁皆是薔薇露龍涎香 和土為之,馨香不絕。上用皂紵絲為罩罩之。蓄二黑獅子守其門。每年至十二月 十日,各番回回人,甚至一二年遠路的,也到堂內禮拜,皆將所罩紵絲割取一塊 為記驗而去。剜割既盡,其王則又預織一罩,復罩於上,仍復年年不絕。堂之左 有司馬儀聖人之墓,其墳壠俱是綠撒不泥寶石為之,長一丈二尺,高三尺,闊五 尺,其圍墳之牆,以紺黃玉疊砌,高五尺餘。城內四角造四堆塔,每禮拜即登此 塔喝班唱禮。左右兩傍有各祖師傳法之堂,亦以石頭疊造,整飾極華麗。   其處氣候四時常熱如夏,並無雨電霜雪。夜露甚重,草木皆馮露水滋養。夜 放一空碗,盛至天明,其露水有三分在碗。土產米穀僅少,皆種粟麥黑黍瓜菜之 類。西瓜、甜瓜每個用二人擡一個者亦有。又有一種(纏)綿花樹,如中國大桑 樹,高一二丈,其花一年二放,長生不枯。果有蘿蔔、萬年棗、石榴、花紅、大 梨子,桃子有重四五斤者。其駝、馬、驢、騾、牛、羊、貓、犬、雞、鵝、鴨、 鴿亦廣。雞、鴨有重十斤以上者。土產薔薇露、俺八兒香、麒麟、獅子、駝、雞 、羚羊、草上飛,并各色寶石、珍珠、珊瑚、琥珀等物。其王以金鑄錢,名倘加 行使,每個徑七分,重官秤一錢,比中國金有十二成色。   又往西行一日,到一城,名驀底納。其馬哈嘛聖人陵寢正在城內,至今墓頂 豪光日夜侵雲而起。墓後有一井,泉水清甜,名阿必糝糝。下番之人取其水藏於 船邊,海中倘遇颶風,即以此水灑之,風浪頓息。  宣德五年,欽蒙聖朝差正 使太監內官鄭和等往各番國開讀賞賜。分到古裡國時,內官太監洪 見本國差人 往彼,就選差通事等七人,齎帶麝香、磁器等物,附本國船隻到彼。往回一年, 買到各色奇貨異寶,麒麟、獅子、駝雞等物,并畫天堂圓真本回京。其默伽國王 亦差使臣,將方物跟同原去通事七人獻齎於朝廷。   景泰辛未秋月望日會稽山樵馬歡述。     後序   余少時觀《異域志》,而知天下輿圖之廣,風俗之殊,人物之妍媸,物類之 出產,可驚可喜,可愛可愕,尚疑好事者為之,而竊意其無是埋也。今觀馬君宗 道、郭君祟禮所紀經歷諸番之事實,始有以見夫《異城志》之所載信不誣矣。祟 禮乃杭之仁和人,宗道乃越之會稽人,皆西域天方教,實奇邁之士也。昔太宗皇 帝勑令太監鄭和統率寶船往西洋諸番開讀賞勞,而二君善通譯番語,遂膺斯選, 三隨軿軺,跋涉萬里。自閩之五虎發跡,首入占城,次爪哇、暹羅,又次之舊港 、阿魯、蘇門、南浡、錫蘭、柯枝,極而遠造夫阿丹、天方,凡二十餘國。每國 寄往非一日,於輿圖之廣者,紀之以別遠近﹔風俗之殊者,紀之以別得失﹔與夫 人物之妍媸,紀之以別美惡﹔土地之出產,紀之以別輕重,皆錄之於筆,畢而成 帙,其用心亦勤矣。二君既事竣歸鄉里,恒出以示人,使人皆得以知異城之事, 亦有以見聖朝威德之所及若是其遠也。祟禮尚慮不能使人之盡知,欲鋟梓以廣其 傳,因其友陸廷用徵序於予,遂錄其梗概於後云。   是歲監察御史古樸劇弘書。 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 瀛涯勝覽 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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